Diagnosis and Prognosis

Because lung cancer is typically advanced when diagnosed and the prognosis is generally poor, prevention of the disease must be a primary goal for all health care providers. Prognosis is dependent on the following factors: onset of illness, duration of illness, precipitating factors, willingness to take medicine and compliance to treatment regimen, age, environment, and family support. The shorter the disparity between the onset of illness and clinical consultation, the more proactive the patient is in terms of seeking treatment, the better compliance to treatment modalities, the better the avenue for treatment and recovery because of the availability of the necessary facilities and medical services, the younger the patient, and the willingness of the family members to support the patient and identify alternative behaviors that promote family communication and strengths, the better the prognosis.

Chest X-ray is particularly reliable when it is compared with a previous result. Although not definitive, this is utilized as a cost-effective screening tool for lung cancer. Sputum test examines morphological changes in the cells of the mucous secretions. The sputum sample is obtained upon arising in the morning. Although not definitive, it indicates that the tumor is not shedding cells from the mucous membrane. Bronchoscopy allows visualization of the mucosal tract and biopsy of tumor cells obtained. It is one of the definitive tests for diagnosing this type of cancer. CT scan is utilized to evaluate localized tumors. It also detects tumor metastasis and evaluates the response of the tumor to treatment. Liver function studies, complete blood count, and serum electrolyte studies evaluate evidence of metastatic disease.